^   .  »^^-'^ 


^gii^s^?^ 


B 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


'Don't 
keep 
this 
Book 
for 
sake 
of 
life, 
For 
the 
owner 
carries 
a 

Barlow 
knife." 


PRIVATE  LIBRARY 


or  . 


T.  L.  psHER. 


C    .  ^5)®^  .J 


JVo. 


And  please  return  it.     You  may  think  it  a  strange  ^p™ 

request,  but  I  find  that,  although  my  friends  are  ^'^i 

poor   mathematicians,    they  are  nearly  all  good  ^w\ 
"BOOK-KEEPERS." 


i'\jyL/ 


f^ 


THE 


Galigraph  Writing  ffiacWne 


One  touch  of  the  finger  should  produce  any  character  used  by 
le  operator  of  a  ^Titing  machine ;  instruments  that  fail  to  accom- 
lish  this  are  deficient  and  do  not  fully  meet  the  necessity  that 
rought  them  forth.     These  facts  are  self-evident. 

The  ♦*  CALIQRAPH''  is  the  only  toriting  machine  that  fully 
•onomizes  time  and  labor,  and  economy  of  time  and  labor  is  the  best 
•ason  we  knov  for  soliciting  trade. 

We  pubhsh  400  letters  from  prominent  men  and  firms,  which 
e  convincing. 

^  AWARDED  the  Medal  at  New  Orleans  World's  Fair ;  Mechanics' 
lir,  San  Francisco,  1886 ;  International  Exposition,  Paris,  1887,  and 
all  the  principal  cities  of  the  United  States,  1884. 

The  American  Writing  Machine  Co., 

EW  YORK  OFFICE, 

No.  237  BROADWAY. 


HARTFORD,  CONN 


remington 
Standard  Typewriter. 


Remington  No.  2. 

Tlie  great  majority  of  Stenographers  and  Operators  of  the  Steno- 
graph use  the  Retnhujton  Sffouhtrd  2  {/jh  writer  to  transcribe 
their  notes. 

We  guaratitee  the  superiority  of  our  machiues.  Buy 
them,  viith  privilege  of  returning  unbroken  at  anytime  within 
30  days  for  full  price  paid,  if  not  absoluteli/  sutisfactorg  in 
every  respect. 

Send  for  Illustrated  Catalogue  of  machines,  and  sample  book  of 
oui-  fine  linen  papers. 

Wyckoff,  Seamans  &  Benedict, 

No.   339    BROADWAY, 


IVIANUAL 


The  Stenograph 


BY 

M.    M.    BARTHOLOMEW 

(its  inventor)      ,  ,    ,    , 


3     J      > 
>      i J^       3   3 


PUBLISHED    BY 

UNITED  STATES  STENOGRAPH  CO. 

402  North  Third  Street 
ST.  LOUIS,  MO. 


NEW  YORK  OFFICE,  148  FIFTH  AVENUE 


ENTERED    ACCORDING    TO    ACT    OF    CONGRESS    IN    THE    YEAR    1887,  BY 

U.    S.    STENOGRAPH    CO. 

IN    THE    OFFICE    OF   THE    LIBRARIAN    OF    CONGRESS,    AT 
WASHINGTON,    D.    C. 


-yvA 


CONTENTS. 


PREFACE 5 

TO  THE  STUDENT 6 

CHAPTER  I. 

Explanation  of  instrument,  and  directiovs  for  keeping 
it  in  order,       .......  7 

CHAPTER  n. 

Position,  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .10 

Use  of  hands,       .......  10 

How  ALPHABET   IS   FORMED,  .  .  .  .  .11 

Alphabet  and  punctuation  marks,   ....  12 

CHAPTER  III. 

Learning  the  alphabet,     .  .  ,  .  .  .13 

Alphabet  exercises,       ......  14 

Wordsigns,       ........      23 

CHAPTER  Vs\ 

Rules  for  spelling,       ......  24 

CHAPTER  V. 

Intermediate  vowels.         .  .  ,  .  .  .37 

Words  liable  to  clash,  .....  39 

Additional  wordsigns.        .  .  .  ,  .42 

Abbreviations,      .......  43 

Compound  words,       .......      43 


44833? 


CHAPTER  VI. 

Expedients,            .......  44 

Numbers,           ......*  .45 

Initials,       ........  46 

CHAPTER  VII. 

Phrasing,  ........      47 

Punctuation.  PARAGRAPHING,  ETC.,     ....  47 

Corrections  and  insertions,        .           .           .           .  .48 

CHAPTER  VIII. 

How  to  practice,            ......  50 

CHAPTER  IX. 

The  AMANUENSIS :   his  qualifications  and  duties,    .  .      52 

The  verbatim  reporter,          .....  55 

Keturah.  the  cat,  .......      57 

The  months,      ........  70 

Exercise  in  numbers,     .          .           .           .          .          .  .71 


PREFACE. 


The  introduction  of  the  Stenograph  makes  it  necessary 
that  there  should  be  provided  such  instructions  as  will 
enable  those  who  secure  the  instrument  to  correctly 
learn  its  use.  The  manual  here  presented  is  intended 
to  supply  this  need. 

It  is  designed  for  those  who  desire  to  learn  without  a 
teacher,  as  well  as  for  use  in  schools. 

In  the  first  edition  a  full  phonetic  alphabet  was  pre- 
sented, some  of  the  sounds  being  represented  by  double 
combinations.  Thus,  ii  was  used  for  the  soimd  of  cnc  a  u, 
act  for  the  sound  of  eu-  ue,  sh  for  zh,  etc.  In  addition 
to  this  f,  q,  and  x  were  omitted. 

In  the  later  editions  c,  q,  and  x  were  restored  to  the 
alphabet,  x  being  generally  used  as  in  the  common 
spelling ;  and  the  sounds  aw  au,  otv  ou,  ew  ue,  etc.,  were 
represented  as  in  the  common  spelling,  the  vowel  being 
generally  omitted  from  aic,  ow;  and  u  being  used  for 
eiv  and  ue. 

In  the  present  edition  a  few  other  steps  in  the  same 
direction  have  been  taken.  Q  is  used  as  in  the  common 
spelling  instead  of  substituting  kw  for  it ;  c  is  retained 
when  it  represents  its  hard  sound  instead  of  substituting 
k ;  and  my,  by,  try,  and  similar  'words,  are  Tvritten  as  in 
the  common  spelling,  instead  of  mi,  hi,  and  tri.  In 
short,  the  common  spelling  is  retained  where  nothing  is 
gained  in  the  way  of  brevity  by  changing  it  Some  of 
the  punctuation  marks,  not  being  as  suggestive  as  they 
might  have  been,  have  also  been  changed. 

It  is  hardly  necessary  to  state  that  these  changes  and 
others  not  mentioned  have  been  made  with  a  view,  not 
of  confusing  the  hundreds  who  already  use  the  Steno- 
graph, but  of  making  its  acquisition  more  easy  to  the 
thousands  who  are  yet  to  learn  it. 


TO  THE  STUDENT. 


It  is  of  the  utmost  importance  to  the  student  that 
coiTect  habits  be  formed  at  the  beginning.  To  bring 
about  this  result,  care  should  be  taken  to  do  eveiytliing 
thoroughly  and  well.  But  one  thing  at  a  time  should  be 
attempted,  and  that  should  be  mastered  before  going  to 
the  next. 

To  be  a  good  stenogi*apher,  one  must  have  a  fair  edu- 
cation, must  spell  and  punctuate  well,  must  write  a  good 
hand  or  operate  a  tyi^e-writing  machine,  must  be  able  to 
comprehend  the  meaning  of  what  he  is  called  upon  to 
write,  and  be  able  to  detect  and  correct  the  more  com- 
mon errors  in  the  use  of  language. 

Some  students  seem  to  thmk.  because  the  Stenograph 
is  an  mstrument  for  shorthand  writing,  that  a  constant 
effort  must  be  made  to  write  rapidly.  A  greater  mistake 
could  not  be  made.  The  student  should  aim  at  strict 
accuracy,  and  let  speed  take  care  of  itself.  Speed  comes 
only  as  the  result  of  the  familiarity  gained  by  practice, 
and  no  amount  of  hurrv  will  hasten  it. 


CHAPTER  I. 


Explanation  of  the  Instrument, 


AND    DIRECTIONS    FOR   KEEPING   IT    IN    ORDER. 


THE   KEY-BOARD. 


From  the  accompanying  cut  it  will  be  seen  that  there 
are  only  five  keys,  although  at  fii'st  sight  there  appear  to 
be  more.  No.  1  is  straight,  and  has  a  marker  on  the  end 
opposite  the  thumb-piece.     The  other  four  are  V-shaped, 


having  markers  on  the  curved  parts  and  finger-pieces  on 
each  extremity.  The  four  finger-pieces  on  the  left  of  the 
key-board,  numbered  2,  3,  4,  and  5,  make  the  same  marks 
on  the  paper  as  the  four  on  the  right  bearing  the  same 
numbers.  The  keys  on  the  right  are  operated  by  the 
fingers  of  the  right  hand,  and  those  on  the  left  by  the 
fingers  of  the  left  hand. 

The  Spacing-Key  lies  a  little  higher  and  just  back 
of  the  other  keys  It  moves  the  paper  without  making 
any  mark  upon  it.  and  its  use  is  to  make  spaces  between 
the  words.  This  is  done  by  striking  it  after  each  word 
is  finished.  It  should,  however,  be  sti-uck  only  once 
between  words. 

The  tension  of  the  spring  which  actuates  the  spacing- 
key  is  regulated  by  the  little  thumb-nut  near  the  center 
of  the  key..  It  should  only  be  strong  enough  to  move 
the  key  promptly. 

The  Inked  Hibbon, — At  each  movement  of  the 
keys,  or  any  of  them,  the  inked  ribbon  is  pressed  against 
the  paper,  makmg  the  marks  upon  it.  This  ribbon  moves 
slowly  along  as  the  writing  takes  place.  "When  it  is  all 
or  nearly  all  wound  upon  one  reel,  it  should  be  made  to 
wind  itself  upon  the  other  by  moving  the  little  arm  or 
handle  at  the  back  of  the  instrument  to  the  left  or  right, 
as  the  case  may  be. 

The  inked  ribbon  should  be  used  only  so  long  as  it 
makes  the  marks  plainly  upon  the  paper  with  a  light 
pressure.  When  it  ceases  to  do  this,  it  should  be  re- 
placed by  a  new  one. 

When  about  to  put  on  a  new  ribbon,  cut  the  old  one 
off,  leaving  about  one  inch  attached  to  each  reel.  To 
these  ends  stitch  the  ends  of  the  new  ribbon,  being  care- 
ful to  keep  the  edges  even. 


9 

The  Paper  Guide. — At  the  inner  end  of  the  paper 
guide  there  is  a  little  roller,  which  presses  the  paper 
against  the  rubber  roller.  This  should  be  looked  at 
frequently,  and  cleaned  and  oiled  when  necessary.  If 
neglected,  it  is  liable  to  become  clogged  with  dirt  and 
dust  from  the  paper  and  inked  ribbon. 

The  Paper  Moll  must  move  with  entire  freedom, 
and  not  bind  in  the  center  or  on  the  arms  of  the  paper 
holder. 

To  put  in  a  new  roll,  take  out  the  small  wooden  center 
from  the  block  on  which  the  paper  was  wound  and  put 
it  into  the  new  one,  then  place  it  in  the  paper  holder. 

Cleaning,  etc, — Dirt  is  an  enemy  to  all  machinery. 
Even  a  gold  pen  will  become  unfit  for  use  if  neglected. 
The  Stenograph  should  be  examined  every  month  or  so, 
and  should  be  cleaned  and  the  bearings  oiled  as  often  as 
is  necessary. 

The  little  roller  which  presses  the  paper  against  the 
rubber  roller,  the  pawl  which  causes  the  rubber  roller  to 
revolve,  and  the  pawl  spring,  should  receive  especial  care. 

Clock  oil  should  be  used,  but  in  very  small  quantities. 

If  a  Stenograph  does  not  work  properly,  it  will  be  f omid 
in  most  cases  that  it  only  needs  cleaning,  or  that  the 
tension  of  the  space-key  sf)ring  needs  adjusting. 


CHAPTER  11. 


POSITION— USE  OF  HANDS— ALPHABET. 


POSITION. 

An  erect,  easy,  and  natural  position  of  the  body  con- 
tributes to  health  and  comfort  as  well  as  ease  of  work. 

The  arms  should  hang  naturally  at  the  sides,  neither 
being  pressed  against  nor  held  too  far  from  the  body. 

Avoid  leaning  forward  over  the  instrument. 

USE    OF   THE    HANDS. 

It  is  of  the  greatest  importance  to  the  student  that  he 
should  learn  to  use  the  hands  cUtertiately.  This 
\vill  require  very  careful  attention  for  a  few  days. 
Remember  that,  in  writing  upon  the  Stenograph,  the 
hands  are  used  in  the  same  manner  that  the  feet  are 
used  in  walking — first  one  and  then  the  other. 

By  placing  the  hands  over  the  key-board  it  will  be  seen 
that  there  is  but  one  key  for  each  finger.  The  keys 
should  be  struck  by  the  fingers  to  whiclithey  belong.  The 
space-key  should  always  be  struck  by  the  first  or  second 
finger. 

The  first  and  second  fingers  are  stronger  than  the 
others,  and  care  must  be  taken  to  give  sufficient  pressure 


11 

with  the  httle  and  third  fingers  and  the  thumb  to  make 
the  marks  plainly. 

The  strokes  should  be  made  with  regularity.  To  do 
this,  no  attempt  should  be  made  at  writing  rapidly.  If  a 
word  is  written  too  quickly  it  necessitates  stopping  to 
think  how  to  write  the  next,  and  no  speed  is  gained  by 
such  effort. 

The  fingers  should  curve  naturally  and  gracefully,  and 
not  stick  out  straight. 

DIRECTIONS    FOR    USING    THE    HANDS. 

Use  the  hands  alternately. 

Use  but  one  hand  at  a  time. 

Write  Avithout  looking  at  the  instrmnent. 

Keep  the  hands  over  the  keys. 

Strike  the  keys  with  the  fingers  to  which  they  belong. 

Press  the  keys  down  instead  of  striking  them,  but  do 
not  hold  them  down. 

Lift  the  fingers  from  the  keys  instead  of  sliding  them 
off. 

The  keys  should  be  depressed  with  an  even  pressure. 

Do  not  lift  the  hands  high  above  the  keys. 

A-Void  moving  the  whole  arm  ;  the  movement  should 
be  principally  from  the  wrist. 

HOW    THE    ALPHABET    IS    FORMED. 

If  the  whole  five  keys  are  depressed  at  the  same  time 
with  either  hand,  a  line  of  marks  or  dashes  is  made  across 

the  paper  ribbon,  thus  || 1|.     The  alphabet  is  formed 

from  these  marks  as  shown  below. 

Note.— The  letters  D,  N,  R,  T,  and  S  are  made  by 
striking  one  key  at  a  time  ;  all  other  letters  are  formed 
by  depressing  two  or  more  keys  at  once. 


12 


ALPHABET. 


5 

4  + 
3  3 
2  2 


5  5 

44         4 
3  3333 
2  2  2 


5  5 


5      5 
444 

33 
22      2 

I       I 


5  5  5 
4 
3 
2 


5  5  5  5 

4  4-4  4 

3   3      3  3 

2   2  2  2 

I    I  I   I 


I 
I   I 
I   I   I 
I   I 

I 


I 

I 


I   I   I 
I   I 

!  I     i 


I  I 

I 


I  t  I 


I  I 
I  I 
I  I 


'DNRT5     LMCZ   YIVThPK   HWB    EFGMg   X05h  UQJACh 


I  I  I  II  I 

I      I      I  I  11  I  I  .  II 

'   ■   ..'   I. Ml   • 

I  I      I  I      II      I      I         I 


I 

'mI 

I  I 


'1' 


ABCDEFGHIJKLMN0PQR5TUVWXYZ   ThSbChM^ 


1     1 

1  1 

1     1 

i  1 

1  1 

1  1 

!  1 

1 1 

1  1    1 

1  1 

1  1 

1 

1 

1 

.  1 

i     1 

1  1 

1  1 

1 

1 

1 1 

1 1 

!'  1 

1  1' 

1 
1  1 

1. 

i! 

II 

II 

.       ,        ;       :        !       ?      -    [  ]  or  (  )       -     " 
Note — The  figures  placed  above  the   letters  indicate 
the  keys  which  are  used  in  producing  them.     Thus  :    the 
figures  1,  2,  3,  above  Y,  indicate  that  that  letter  is  made 
by  striking  keys  Nos.  1,  2,  and  3  at  one  time. 


CHAPTER  III. 


LEARNING  THE  ALPHABET— ALPHABET  EXERCISES 
— WORDSIGNS. 


LEARNING    THE  ALPHABET. 

A  good  way  of  memorizing  the  alphabet  is  to  commit 
a  few  letters  at  a  time,  and  then  write  words  containing 
those  letters  until  they  are  firmly  impressed  upon  the 
memory.  Each  of  the  following  exercises  should  be 
carefully  wTitten,  and  the  reading  exercises  read,  several 
times  before  passing  to  the  next. 

Caution, — To  know  that  the  hands  should  be  used 
alternately  is  not  enough.  The  learner  should  watch 
and  see  that  he  does  so  use  them.  Many  persons  who 
learn  without  a  teacher  fall  into  the  habit,  without 
knowing  it,  of  commencing  each  word  with  the  right 
hand  or  the  left,  or  of  striking  the  space-key  always  with 
one  hand  or  the  other.  To  avoid  these  and  similar  mis- 
takes, it  is  simply  necessary  to  change  hands  ivith  each 
stroke. 

Note. — After  Avriting  a  word,  let  the  finger  which  pro- 
duced the  space  rest  lightly  upon  the  space-key  until 
ready  to  begin  the  next  word.  Then  raise  the  finger  and 
begin  with  the  other  hand. 


14 

ALPHABET  EXERCISE  I. 

D,   N,   E,    T,   S. 


did 

dd 

none 

nn 

done 

dn 

read 

rd 

and 

nd 

stand 

stnd 

dear 

dr 

street 

strt 

run 

rn 

turned 

trnd 

nor 

ru- 

surround 

smd 

not 

nt 

return 

rtrn 

said 

sd 

render 

rndi- 

sir 

sr 

sister 

sstr 

seen 

sn 

tender 

tndr 

READING  EXERCISE  I. 


I    '      ' 

Ill  I        I 


^■l\^,  ''■  \  '■,  ,■' 


I       I  I U I 


15 


ALPHABET  EXERCISE  II. 


L,   31,    C,   Z. 

let 

It 

can 

en 

less 

Is 

care 

cr 

deal 

dl 

case 

cs 

teU 

tl 

does 

dz 

seU 

si 

says 

sz 

made 

md 

cause 

cz 

men 

mn 

zest 

zst 

Mr 

mr 

zeal 

zl 

met 

mt 

caU 

cl 

name 

nm 

came 

cm 

room 

rm 

some 

sm 

time 

tm 

dozen 

dzn 

Be  sure  to  use  your  hands  alternately. 


READING  EXERCISE  II. 


I 
I  i 


.1 

I 


I     I 

I 


I 
I  I 


16 


ALPHABET   EXERCISE   III. 


r,  /,   V. 


year 

yr 

visit 

vzt 

yet 

yt 

yonder 

jTidr 

yes 

ys 

many 

mny 

my 

my 

river 

rvr 

it 

it 

tardv 

trdv 

sit 

sit 

velvet 

vlvt 

live 

Iv 

illustrate 

ilstrt 

move 

mv 

immense 

imns 

vest 

vst 

memory 

mmry 

See  Caution,  page  15. 


READING  EXERCISE  III. 


II        II 
I  I  I 

I  I 


i      I 
i  I  I 

I 


I        i        I 
III        II 
II        II 


II  I  I 

I  I  I 

I  III 


I  I 


I 
I  I 


il' 

I  I 


i  I 

I 


I        I  I 

!      '    > 
I  I      I 


II           II  I      . 

I      I      I  .1      I 

II         II  III. 

I  II 


17 


ALPHABET  EXERCISE  IV. 


Th,   P,   K. 


then 

thn 

take 

tk 

there 

thr 

make 

mk 

that 

tht 

look 

Ik 

thus 

ths 

kill 

kl 

them 

thm 

kind 

knd 

paid 

pd 

south 

sth 

poor 

pr 

person 

prsn 

put 

pt 

plank 

pink 

pass 

ps 

southern 

sthrn 

place 

pis 

proper 

pi-pr 

Note. — T/f,  sh,  and  ch  are  single  letters,  and  should 
each  be  written  with  one  stroke — not  by  t  and  li,  s  and^/?, 
and  c  and  h  separately. 


READING  EXERCISE  IV. 


I        I 


I  I        I 


III  I  I 

I  i  I  I 


I  II  II 

I  I  I 


II        1^        I  •  ,  '        '  »     •  ' 

I  I  I  I  11  II  11 

I  III 


III  II  III  I  III 

'       ■■      '      ■        I 


18 


ALPHABET 

EXERCISE   V. 

H, 

tt; 

B. 

had 

hd 

but 

bt 

her 

hr 

been 

bn 

him 

hm 

book 

bk 

have 

hv 

blind 

bind 

house 

hs 

how 

hw 

will 

wl 

wonder 

wndr 

were 

wr 

hunter 

hntr 

with 

%vth 

between 

btwn 

now 

nw 

wliirl 

whrl 

saw 

sw 

winter 

wntr 

READING  EXERCISE  V 


1       1 j     1       1         1 1 1     II       II       1    1 1 

..   .    .'   I'l   1     .'1   l"   l' 

II          1        1        1        1    1      1            1 

.1  .'   II  'l    .1  ."  l'.    II  ' 

1                    II                     II 

'•  ',  ':  '■  '■.  'i.  '•;,  '■, 

I    .'  1    .1  .     i  '  .  "  .I'l 

19 


ALPHABET   EXERCISE  VI. 


E,  F,   G,  Ngr- 


ebb 

enter 

esteem 

ended 

settle 

for 

fill 

good 

gone 

get 


eb 

entr 

estm 

endd 

setl 

fr 

fl 

gd 

gn 

gt 


forget 

friend 

strife 

life 

wife 

bargain 

event 

longer 

elder 

beautiful 


frgt 

frnd 

strf 

If 

wf 

brgn 

evnt 

Ingr 

eldr 

btfl 


*  On  account  of  the  letter  ng  (2  3  5)  being  rather  diffi- 
cult to  make,  the  two  single  letters  n  and  g  are  used  in 
its  stead. 

READING  EXERCISE  VI. 


,'    '.    . 


!. 


i         i 


I  I 

t  i 


I  I 

I 


III         I 


I         I 


I         I  I 


I  I 
I        I  I 


I         .1  . 

I      I 


1 1     I 
I        I 


I  i      I 


I    I 
I  i 


I       III 
I       .11 


il 

I    I 


ALPHABET  EXERCISE  VII. 


0, 

X,  Sh. 

or 

or 

shall 

shl 

no 

no 

should 

shd 

so 

so 

shut 

sht 

order 

ordr 

wish 

wsh 

old 

old 

fish 

fsh 

ox 

ox 

older 

oldr 

box 

bx 

extent 

xtnt 

tax 

tx 

explain 

xpln 

fix 

fx 

shoulder 

shldr 

vex 

vx 

cash 

csh 

Note. — Remember  that  sh  is  a  single  letter  and  is 
made  at  one  stroke,  and  not  by  writing  s  and  h  sep- 
arately. 


READING  EXERCISE  VII. 


I  I        I  I        I  I  III  I 

'. '    'i  I  '    I 

I  III  .  I  . 

I  I  II  I  III  III 


I  I        I  I  III  I  II           I        .        i  . 

I  I           I  I     I  I     I           I     I           ^ 

I           I  I           I  I             I           II           I  I  I  I 

fill  I           I  I             I  I I     I 


I  I  M         I  I  III  I 

"      '.      '■      '        "'      I.'      ',    '      i'm 

I  II  II  II  I  II  III  11 


21 

ALPHABET  EXERCISE  VIII. 

U,    Ch,  J. 


new 

nu 

much 

mch 

few 

fu 

true 

tru 

sue 

su 

jar 

jr 

chair 

chr 

joy 

jy 

child 

chid 

June 

jun 

rich 

rch 

Jordan 

jrdn 

teach 

tch 

children 

chldm 

such 

sch 

jury 

jry 

Note. — Learning  to  call  g  gay  associates  the  hard 
sound  with  it  and  helps  to  avoid  confusion  with  the 
letter  j. 

[See  Note,  last  page.] 


READING  EXERCISE  VIII. 

i  i  i  T      i 

I      !    I'.    'I    'I    '.!      .!      '.. 
'!      I    I       .1    'i       i    .11    I    ' 


I        I        II        III  I  . 

I        II        II        II       III        I  Ml  .     I  , 

II        I      I        II      II        i    I      I    I    * 


I          II  I  1 1    I  1 1      .  t 

I  II      II  II  II  11,1  1 1    ^ 

I  M        Ml  Ml  I  MM  1  ! 

I  Ml  II  I  I  I  L 


22 


ALPHABET  EXERCISE  IX. 


A,   Q. 


an 

an 

quality 

qity 

at 

at 

quantity 

qntty 

alarm 

alrm 

request 

rqst 

alone 

aln 

amount 

amnt 

queen 

qn 

abound 

abnd 

quite 

qt 

abandon 

abndn 

queer 

qr 

abroad 

abrd 

quarrel 

qrl 

another 

anthr 

require 

rqr 

around 

arnd 

frequent 

frqnt 

army 

army 

READING  EXERCISE  IX. 


I 
I  I 

I 


I  I 


I 

I     I 
I  I 


I     I 
I  I     I 
I 


I. 

I 


I  I 


I  I 


II  III 

III  I 
III  I 


I  i 


I     I 

I 
I  I  I 

I        III 
I  I 


I  I 
I      I 


III  I  I  I  I  I 
III  Mil 

I     J  II 

II  I  II 

I     I  I     I  I  I 


23 

WORDSIGNS. 

The  letters  of  the  alphabet,  except  e,  k,  and  x,  are  used 
singly  to  represent  words  of  frequent  occurrence.  A 
number  of  other  common  words  are  represented  by 
abbreviations  more  or  less  arbitrary.  These  letters  and 
abbreviations  when  so  used  are  called  wordsigns.  The 
alphabet  wordsigns.  and  those  contained  in  the  second 
list,  should  be  thoroughly  learned  before  proceeding 
further. 

ALPHABET  WORDSIGNS.  A       .b         '^ 

P        up  Kjj-tMAA 

b  be  q  question 


c 

come 

d 

do  y    '- 

f 

if 

g 

go,  ago 

h 

he 

i 

i,  eye 

J 

age  ' 

I 

all 

m 

me,  am 

r 

are-     '" 

s 

as,  us 

t 

to     ■ 

u 

you 

V 

of 

w 

we  -  V^(^ 

y 

why     ''""''^ 

z 

is,  his 

th 

.    the 

in  (        sh  she 

on  ch  which 

WORDSIGNS.— SECOND  LIST. 


*d 

and 

thg 

thing 

ny 

any 

pn 

upon 

fm 

from 

un 

under 

fs 

first 

vr 

very 

ou 

our,  hour 

ht 

what 

ot 

out 

hn 

when 

thk 

think 

rr 

where 

Note. — It  should  be  remembered  that  the  wordsigns 
are  arbitrary,  and  are  in  no  way  connected  with  the 
rules  for  spelling. 


CHAPTER    IV. 


RULES  FOR  SPELLING. 


Tlie  pronunciation  of  words  forms  the  basis  of  the 
spelling  employed  in  the  use  of  the  Stenograph.  How 
this  spelling  differs  from  that  in  common  use  is  shown 
by  the  following  niles  and  the  examples  following  them. 

The  common  spelling,  however,  is  retained  in  such 
words  as  would  not  be  shortened  by  changing  them 
By,  my,  try,  cry.  fly,  salt,  and  malt  are  examples. 

Note.— Until  the  rules  for  writing  vowels  are  reached 
students  will  please  bear  in  mind  that  vowels  com- 
mencing words  are  always  written,  and  those  occurring 
in  the  body  of  words  are  generally  omitted. 


CONSONANTS. 
Rule  I.— Omit  Silent  Letters. 
1, — One  of  Double  Letters, 


egg 

eg 

little 

Itl 

ebb 

eb 

letter 

Itr 

will 

wl 

manner 

mnr 

pass 

ps 

summer 

smr 

25 


caught 
taught 
aught 

night  nit 
right  lit 
sight        sit 


caut 
taut 
owe 


fright 

tight 

fiorht 


frit 

tit 

fit 


fraught  fraut 
daughter  dautr 
slaughter     slautr 

shght  slit 
plight  plit 
delight  dlit 


See  also  Rules  XII  and  XIII. 


H,—T. 


4.—L 


often 

ofn 

catch 

cch 

soften 

sfn 

pitch 

pch 

listen 

Isn 

dispatch 

dspch 

fasten 

fsn 

kitchen 

kchn 

could 

cd 

should 

shd 

would 

wd 

half 

hf 

balm 

bam 

psalm 

sam 

calm 

cam 

qualm 

qam 

palm 

pam 

Note. — But  silent  I  is  retained  in  talk  (tlk>,  icalk  (ivlk), 
walker  (wlkr),  to  make  a  distinction  between  these 
words  and  take,  week,  and  weaker.  LI  may  also  be 
retained  in  such  words  as  tall  and  hall  whenever  neces- 
sary to  keep  them  from  clashing  with  tail,  tale,  hail,  etc. 


5.—  W. 


write 

rit 

written 

rtn 

wrong 

rng 

wrangle 

rngl 

wreck 

rek 

wrestle 

rsl 

whole 

hoi 

wrinkle 

rnkl 

6» — Om  it  c  from 

ck. 

sick 

sk 

rock 

rk 

back 

bk 

shock 

shk 

track 

trk 

quick 

qk 

stock 

stk 

quicker 

qkr 

7.—C  in  sc  iv 

hen 

;  c  is  SI 

lent 

science 

sins 

ascertain 

asrtn 

scent 

snt 

susceptible  ssptbl 

muscle 

msl 

viscera 

Tsra 

ascend 

asnd 

But  when  sc  are  both  pronounced  they  should  both  be 
written  :  score  (scoi^),  scar  (scar). 


8.— Initial  K. 

knife 

nif 

know 

no 

knap 

nap 

knowledge  nlj 

knit 

nit 

knee 

ne 

knot 

not 

kneU 

nel 

9.—G. 

gnat 

nat 

resign 

rzin 

gnaw 

naw 

design 

dzin 

gnarl 

narl 

benign 

bnin 

gnostic 

nostic 

ensign 

ensin 

sign 

sin 

foreign 

forin 

10-B. 

lamb 

lam 

plumb 

plum 

climb 

dim 

debt 

det 

thumb 

thum 

doubt 

dt 

11.— D, 


adjoin 

ajn 

adjacent 

ajsnt 

adjourn 

ajrn 

adjudge 

ajj 

adjust 

ajst 

adjure 

ajur 

—N. 

hymn 

hni 

condemn 

cndm 

damn 

dam 

solemn 

solm 

column 

colm 

Rule  II 

.-Write  f 

instead  of 

ph. 

paragraph 

prgrf 

phelps 

felps 

telegraph 

tlgrf 

philosophy 

flosfy 

stenograph 

stngrf 

Philadelphia  fldlfia 

Rule    III.— Substitute    sh    for   t,   c,  and    s, 
when  they  represent  the  sound  of  sh. 

1. — Shu  for  Hon,  ciatif  sion. 


nation 

nashn 

physician 

fzshn 

station 

stshn 

electrician 

elctrshn 

procession 

prosshn 

intercession 

intrsshn 

-Shi  for  Half  cial. 

partial 

prshl 

special 

spshl 

martial 

mrshl 

artificial 

artfshl 

essential 

esnshl 

crucial 

crushl 

credential 

crdnshl 

official 

ofshl 

3,—Sfis  for  tious,  cious,  and  sciotis. 


cautious 

cshs 

officious 

ofshs 

precious 

prshs 

judicious 

jdshs 

conscious 

cnshs 

spacious 

spashs 

gracious 

grshs 

efficacious 

efcshs 

4»—Shf  for  ci 

ate,  Hate, 

officiate 

ofsht 

initiate 

insht 

associate 

assht 

vitiate 

visht 

appreciate 

aprsht 

5,— Shut  for  tientf  eient,  slenf. 


patient 

pshnt 

sufficient 

sfshnt 

efficient 

efshnt 

transient 

trnshnt 

ancient 

anslint 

6, — Shns  for  fience,  science, 

patience       pshns  conscience      cnshns 


7. 

-Sfir  for 

sure. 

sure 

shr 

assurance 

ashms 

assure 

ashr 

insurance 

nshrns 

insure 

nshr 

measure 

mshr 

pleasure 

plshr 

treasure 

trshr 

leisure 

Ishr 

seizure 

seshr 

Rule    IV.  — Substitute   z   for   s   where    the 
sound  is  clearly  that  of  z. 


cause 

cz 

seems 

smz 

foes 

foz 

does 

dz 

tells 

tlz 

rose 

roz 

savs 

sz 

sells 

slz 

music 

mzc 

29 
The  termination  ism  is  ivritten  zni, 


barbarism 

brbrzm              socialism 

soshlzm 

pauperism 

pauprzm           americanism  amrcnzm 

The  termination 

tes  is  written  z  or  iz. 

parties 

prtz                    sundries 

sndrz 

ladies 

ladiz                  carries 

cariz 

duties 

dutz                   marries 

mariz 

beauties 

butz                   tarries 

tariz 

Rule  v.-  Su 

bstitute  s  for  c  when 

it  repre 

sents  its  soft  sound. 

place 

pis                     office 

ofs 

since 

sns                     justice 

jsts 

twice 

tws                    succeed 

scsd 

force 

fors                   certain 

srtn 

Note. — But  cty  seems  to  be  a  better  spelling  for  city 
than  sty,  and  will  be  so  used. 


Rule  VI.- 

-Ch 

ange 

ed  to  t  where  the  sour 

is 

that  of  t. 

wished 

wsht 

finished           fnsht 

flashed 

flsht 

diminished     dmnsht 

lashed 

lasht 

cherished        chrsht 

washed 

washt 

polished           polsht 

30 

Rule  VII.— Substitute  j  for  g  and  dg  where 

the  sound  is  that  of  j, 

gem  jm  edge  ej 

gentle  jntl  judge  jj 

george  jrj  bridge  brj 

german  jrmn  sledge  slj 

Note. — Thinking  of  g  as  gay  makes  the  application  of 
this  rule  more  easy. 


Rule  VIII.— Write  gw  instead  of  gu  when 

the  pronunciation  is  that  of  gw. 

anguish  angwsh  languor  Ingwr 

languish  Ingwsh  language  Ingwj 

sanguine  sngwn  distinguish  dstngwsh 

languid  Ingwd  McGuire  mcgwr 

But   when   u  following  g  has  not  tike  sound  of  w  it 
should  not  be  so  written. 

guage       gj  or  gaj  guard     grd  or  gard 

Suasion  and  jjersuade  are  spelled  suishn  ernd  prswd . 
One  and  oiice  are  spelled  wn  and  icns. 


VOWELS 


Ordinarily  the  single  letters  a  e  i  o  u  are  used  to  rep- 
resent both  their  long  and  short  sounds.  Thus,  fat  and 
/a  ^t^  are  spelled /a  f;  night  and  knit,  nit;  set  and  seat, 
set;  got  and  goat,  got ;  bought  and  boat,  bot,  etc.  But 
when  for  any  reason  it  is  desirable  to  make  a  distinction 
between  such  words,  final  e  may  be  added  to  indicate 
that  the  preceding  vowel  is  long,  or  the  common  spelling 
mav  be  used. 


Rule  IX.— Omit  final  e  winen  not  needed  to 
show  that  the  preceding  vowel  is  long. 


stole 

stol 

whole              hoi 

sane 

san 

shone               shon 

Rule 

X.- 

Write  a  i 

nstead  of  ay  and  e] 

say 

8a 

play 

pla              they        tha 

may 

ma 

stay 

sta              prey        pra 

day 

da 

pray 

pra             obey       oba 

lay 

la 

gray 

•   gra 

Rule  XI.— Write   o    instead  of  ow  and  ou 

when  the  sound  is  that  of  o. 

show  sho  throw  thro 

snow  sno  flow  flo 


32 


Rule  XII.— Instead  of  eigh  write  a  or  i,  ac- 
cording to  pronunciation. 


sleigh 
weight 


sla 
wat 


freight 
height 


frat 
hit 


Rule  XIII.— Substitute  o  for  ough  when  the 
sound  is  that  of  o. 


thought  thot 

ought  ot 

bought  bot 

sought  sot 

Note. — The  following  words  are  spelled  as  indicated  : 


fought  fot 

though  tho 

thorough         thoro 


tough 

rough 

enough 

through 

bough 


tuf 

ruf 

enf 

thru 

bw  or  bow 


trough 
straight 
laugh 
draught 


trof 
strat 
laf 
draft 


Rule  XIV.— Write  u  instead  of  ew  and  jew. 


new 
few 
crew 
flew 


nu 
fu 
cm 
flu 


strew 
knew 
view 
review 


stru 
nu 
vu 
rvu 


Rule  XV.— Use   a  single    vowel    instead    of 

two  or  more  when  one  represents  the 

sound  with  sufficient  clearness. 


oath  oth 

boat  bot 

coat  cot 

coal  col 


soul        sol 
source    sors 
course    cors 


beau  bo 

bureau  buro 

tableau  tablo 

flambeau  flmbo 


33 


death 

deth  or  dth 

seat 

set 

bread 

bred 

seal 

sel 

meadow 

niedo 

fear 

fer 

earth 

erth 

beast 

best 

each     • 

ech 

feast 

fest 

tme         tru 

suit 

sut 

Europe    urp 

sue           su 

fruit 

frut 

Eugene    ujn 

blue         blu 

recruit 

rcrut 

euphony  ufny 

Note. — Ue  is  silent,  and  should  be  omitted  in  tongue 
(tng),  rogue  (rog)..  prologue  (prolog),  dialogue  (dilog). 


see 
bee 
tree 
free 

se 
be 
tre 
fre 

sheet 
seed 
feed 
breed 

shet 
sed 
fed 
bred 

guide 
guild 

gid 
gild 

guise 
disguise 

giz 
dsgiz 

shield 
priest 

sheld 
prest 

tried 
replied 

trid 
rplid 

paint 
saint 
faint 

pant 
sant 
fant 

hail 
sale 
taU 

hal 
sal 
tal 

Note. — While  it  is  generally  sufficient  to  use  a  for  oi, 
and  o  for  oa,  it  is  sometimes  better  to  retain  both  letters. 
Blaine  (blain)  and  Maine  (main)  are  examples. 

Note. — It  is  generally  better  to  retain  the  vowel  used 
in  the  common  spelling  than  to  substitute  another  which 
more  nearly  represents  the  sound.  Thus  sir  and  bird 
I  are  preferable  to  siir  and  hurcl. 


34 


How  certain  Sounds  are  represented. 

All  is  represented  as  in  the  common  spelling,  except 
that  silent  I  is  omitted. 


ah 

ah 

calm 

cam 

bah 

bah 

balm 

bam 

art 

art 

palm 

pam 

arm 

arm 

psalm 

sam 

Aw  aiif  ow  oUt  Of/  oif  oo, — The  sounds  represented 
by  the  italicised  letters  in  lair,  la^^d,  nou\  loud,  hoy, 
hoil,  food,  are  represented  as  in  the  common  spelling, 
except  that  a  and  o  are  frequently  omitted  from  aw,  ow, 
and  oy. 


saw 
law 
thaw 

sw 
Iw 
thaw 

author 
august 
autmun 

authr 
augst 
autra 

now 
how 
plow 

nw 
hw 

plw 

loud 
sour 
flour 

loud 
sour 

flour 

joy 

annoy 
alloy 

jy 

anv 
aly 

toil 
boil 
soil 

toil 
boil 
soil 

mood 
food 

mood 
food  (or  fd) 

cool 
spool 

cool 
spool 

35 


Rule  XVI.— Use  y  instead  of  ia,  ie,  io,  ua, 

and  iou,  in  the  following  and  similar  words. 

jnyl 

flyl 

blys 


genial 

filial 

bilious 

prettier 

sunnier 

funnier 

annual 

manual 

gradual 


prtyr 

sunvr 

funyi' 

anvl 

mnvl 

gradyl 

Failure  and  tenure  are  spelled ^/?^/'.  tnyr. 

Note. — But  y  is  not  needed  in 
million  mln  companion 

brilliant  brlnt  convenient 

familiar  fmlr 


senior 

snyr 

junior 

jnyr 

courtier 

crtyr 

farrier 

fryr 

carrier 

cryr 

terrier 

tryr 

period 

pryd 

previous 

prvys 

serious 

srys 

cmpnn 
cnvnnt 


Note. — Rules  IX  to  XVI  inclusive  relate  to  liow  to 
write  vowels;  the  following  rules  relate  to  u-hen  to  write 
them. 

Initial  vowels  are  those  which  begin  words. 
Final  vowels  are  those  which  end  words. 
Intermediate  vowels  are  those  which  occur  in  the  body 
of  words. 


Rule 

XVII.-Wrlte  all  Initial  Vowels. 

or 

or 

impel 

impl 

art 

art 

employ 

emply 

ask 

ask 

often 

ofn 

end 

end 

offer 

ofr 

enter 

entr 

utter 

utr 

attend 

atnd 

ultra 

ultra 

36 


Rule  XVIII. 

-Write  all 

pronounced  Final 

Vowels. 

so 

so 

try 

try 

no 

no 

sly 

sly 

know 

no 

true 

tru 

high 

hi 

stew 

stu 

sigh 

si 

knee 

ne 

throw 

thro 

through 

thru 

Rule    XIX.— Omit    Intermediate   Vowels 
when  not  essential  to  legibility. 

but  bt  them  thm 

not  nt  stand  stnd 

had  hd  tender  tndr 

been  bn  number  nmbr 

Note. — Great  assistance  in  learning  to  spell  may  be 
derived  from  reading  the  writing  of  good  operators  and 
selections  printed  in  Stenograph  type. 


CHAPTER  V. 


INTERMEDIATE    VOWELS. 


The  student  will  probably  experience  very  little  diffi- 
culty with  the  preceding  rules,  except  the  last,  which  re- 
lates to  the  use  of  intermediate  vowels  This  rule  directs 
the  omission  of  such  vowels  when  they  are  not  essential 
to  legibUity.  The  question  naturally  arises :  When  are 
intermediate  vowels  essential  to  legibility?  The  purpose 
of  the  next  few  paragraphs  will  be  as  far  as  possible 
to  answer  this  question. 

If  all  intermediate  vowels,  or  even  all  accented  ones, 
were  to  be  written,  many  unnecessary  letters  would  be 
made  ;  if  all  were  ommitted,  the  reading  would  be  in- 
volved in  difficulty  and  error.  For  instance,  no  one 
would  have  any  doubt  as  to  the  correct  reading  of  "it 
shd  nt  hv  bn  dn."  But  "  it  z  a  smlr  hs  "  might  be  read 
"  it  is  a  smaller  house"  or  "it  is  a  similar  house."  "  H 
spks  frly  "  might  be  rendered  "  he  speaks /a irZ?/"  or  "  he 
speaks /reeZ?/."  "  It  z  a  prmnnt  bldg  "  might  be  "  it  is  a 
permanent  building"  or  "it  is  sl prominent  building." 

No  positive  rules  can  be  given  for  the  guidance  of  the 
learner  in  this  respect.  He  must,  to  a  considerable  ex- 
tent, rely  upon  his  o\vn  judgment.  The  following  facts 
and  suggestions,  however,  if  thoroughly  familiarized, 
will  be  of  great  assistance  to  him. 


448337 


88 

1. — Frequent  words  are  not  so  likely  to  re- 
quire vowels  as  rare  ones. 

2 — Short  words  are  more  likely  to  require 
vowels  tJiati  long  ones.  Thus,  j/r  are  the  consonants 
of  poor,  per.  pure,  pour,  pear,  pair ;  and  lips  are  the 
consonants  of  hopes,  heaps,  hips,  and  hops.  But  place 
these  two  syllables  together  and  we  have  prhps,  which 
can  only  represent  the  ^ov^  perhaps. 

3.— Words  of  the  set  me  2^ffi't  of  speech  are 
liable  to  clash,  while  words  of  different  parts 
of  speech  are  not.  Hence  men  and  man  (both  nouns) 
should  be  -written  differently  :  while  men  (noun)  and 
mean  (verb  or  adjective)  may  be  spelled  alike. 

4.— Of  words  liab/e  to  clash  the  most  frequent 
ones  should  be  written  without  and  the  least 
frequent  wilJi  vowels. 

were  wr 

Avore  wor 

for  fr 

fear  fer 

fire  fir 

Note. — It  is  sometimes  ditficult  to  tell  which  of  two 
words  IS  the  more  frequent.  In  such  cases  a  vowel  may 
be  inserted  in  either  or  both  of  them.  Freely  and  fairly. 
and  nation  and  notion,  are  illustrations. 

5. — In  the  use  of  vowelSf  accented  ones  should 
be  given  the  preference. 

6. —  Vowels  should  generally  be  inserted  in 
words  unfamiliar  to  the  writer. 

7. — Proj}er  names,  especi(tlly  if  unfamiliar, 
sJkOuld  be  written  quite  fully.  But  intermediate 
vowels  need  not  be  used  in  very  frequent  proper  names. 


have 

hv 

heave 

hev 

had 

hd 

heed 

lied 

39 

such  as  Smith  and  Johnson,  the  spelling  of  which  is 
sufficiently  suggestive  without  them. 

8. — Foreign  and  technical  tvords  should  also 
be  written  quite  fulUj. 

9.—  Whenever  a  word  tvhich  is  ordinarily 
tvritten  ivithout  voivels  is  used  in  a  netv  or 
unusual  tvay  it  should  be  more  ftdly  spelled. 

10. — Finally  f  the  oiyerator  tnust  use  his  mind 
as  well  as  his  fingers,  and  insert  vowels  ivher- 
ever  they  seem  to  be  necessary.  If  he  is  watchful, 
he  will  in  time  learn  to  feel  instinctively  where  this 
should  be  done. 

Both  vowels  should  be  inserted  in  the  following  and 


similar  words  : 

follow 

folo 

cruel 

cruel 

borrow 

boro 

fuel 

fuel 

pillow 

pilo 

jewel 

juel 

bureau 

buro 

suet 

suet 

Remark — A  distinction  should  be  made  between 
writing  for  one's  own  reading  and  writing  for  the  read- 
ing of  another.  The  writer  must  bear  in  mind  that 
certain  words  which  are  familiar  to  him  may  be  rare  or 
unknown  to  others.  On  the  other  hand,  he  should  take 
it  for  granted  that  the  words  represented  by  wordsigns 
and  all  frequent  words  are  written  the  same  by  all 
operators. 

WORDS    LIABLE    TO    CLASH. 

When,  in  reading,  two  or  more  words  are  liable  to  be 
taken  for  one  another,  they  are  said  to  clash.  The  chief 
use  of  intermediate  vowels  is  to  prevent  this.  In  some 
instances  the  context  will  enable  one  to  determine  which 


40 


of  two  or  more  words  was  intended :  in  others  a  differ- 
ence in  spelling  must  be  made  to  avoid  error  in  reading. 
The  following  list  contains  the  most  frequent  of  the 
words  which  should  be  distinguished.  Their  spelling 
should  be  thoroughly  learned. 

but  bt  good  gd 

bought  bot  god  god 


come 

c 

him 

hm 

came 

cm 

home 

hom 

for 

fr 

men 

mn 

far 

far 

mean 

mn 

fear 

fer 

man 

man 

fire 

fir 

this 

ths 

find 

find 

thus 

thus 

found 

fnd 

these 

thz 

those 

thoz 

then 

thn 

that 

tbt 

than 

than 

thought 

thot 

cry 

cry 

party 

prty 

carry 

cary 

purity 

purty 

command 

cmnd 

person 

prsn 

commend 

emend 

parson 

parsn 

contains 

cntnz 

permanent 

prmnnt 

continues 

cntnuz 

prominent 

prommit 

flow 

flo 

preparation 

prprashn 

follow 

folo 

proportion 

prporshn 

gentle 

jntl 

nm 

rn 

genteel 

jntel 

ran 

ran 

41 


held 

hid 

said 

sd 

hold 

hold 

side 

Sid 

Ufe 

If 

spirit 

sprt 

laugh 

laf 

sport 

sport 

support 

suprt 

less 

Is 

separate 

seprt 

loss 

los 

smaller 

smlr 

left 

1ft 

similar 

sim 

laughed 

laft 

step 

stp 

machine 

mchn 

stop 

stop 

motion 

mshn 

mission 

niishn 

try 

try 

minister 

mnstr 

tarry 

tary 

monster 

monstr 

turn 

trn 

train 

tran 

not 

nt 

note 

not 

were 

wr 

night 

nit 

wore 

wor 

The  foregoing  list  is  not  intended  to  be  complete. 
Indeed  it  would  be  difficult,  if  not  impossible,  to  make 
a  list  which  would  contain  all  words  liable  to  clash,  as 
words  which  are  usually  entirely  distinct  sometimes 
occur  in  such  a  peculiar  or  unusual  way  as  to  make  the 
reading  uncertain.  The  object  to  be  kept  in  mind  is 
to  write  all  ivords  so  that  they  can  he  read  not  only  tvith 
ease  but  with  certainty. 


f^- 

On^^ 

U-^-^«-tV^l,  £.-^^t. 

c^-^ 

S„     -VM^. 

«    ,      '                 -'y 

U^ 

y  ff^           ADDITIONAL    WORDSIGNS. 

/ 

about 

ab 

never 

nv 

after 

af 

next 

nx 

answer 

ans 

necessary 

nss 

notwithstanding 

ntwth 

before 

bf 

business 

bz 

only 

onl 

over 

ov 

company 

CO 

object 

ob 

circumstance 

stns 

objection 

obn 

opportunity 

op 

differ-ent-ce 

df 

difficult-y 

dfk 

probable-y-ity 

prb 

recollect-ion 

rec 

ever-y 

ev 

remember 

iTQm 

especial-ly 

esp 

respect 

rsp 

railroad 

nd 

generally 

.pl 

gentleman 

jman 

self 

sf 

gentlemen 

jmn 

several 

sv 

satisfy -ied 

sat 

into 

int 

satisfactory 

sat 

important-ce 

imp 

satisfaction 

satn 

improbable-ity 

imprb 

similar 

sim. 

impossible-ity 

imps 

subject 

sb 

mo 


unto 


OA  - 


ojXf  -  a^Uf-o^^'-i^' 


u 


i^-^i 


i^y\L-Aj. 


oM^^  ^  aZd2^<-^ 


unt 


43 


ABBREVIATIONS. 

The  abbreviations  in  general  use  raay  also  be  employed. 
The  period  need  not,  however,  be  inserted  after  them. 

Mr  Jan  Va 

Mrs  Feb  Pa 

Gov  Aug  Mass  (Mas) 

Co  Sep  Wis 


COMPOUND    WORDS. 


Words  compounded  from  vrordsigns  should  generally 
be  speUed  as  when  written  separately. 


afternoon 

afnn 

overthrow 

ovthro 

afterward 

afwTd 

outside 

otsd 

everywhere 

evrr 

outwit 

ot^vt 

elsewhere 

elsrr 

outward 

otwrd 

whatever 

htev 

wherever 

rrev 

overcome 

ovc 

whereby 

rrby 

CHAPTER   VI 


EXPEDIENTS— NUMBERS-INITIALS. 


EXPEDIENTS. 

Tlie  plan  of  spelling  set  forth  in  the  prec*eding  pages 
requires  the  ^n•iting  of  all  pronounced  consonants  and 
all  initial  and  final  vowels.  It  is  believed,  however, 
that  the  following  expedients  may  be  used  to  advantage  : 

1. — Omit  e  from  the  syllable  ex. 

extend  xtnd  express  xprs 

extent  xtnt  explain  xpln 

2. — Omit  i  from  the  sylhible  in. 

intend  ntnd  instruct  nstrct 

indeed  ndd  influence         nflns 

3. — Use  ff  for  the  syllable  ing. 

being  bg  saying  sag 

doing  dg  playing  plag 

going  gg  writing  ritg 

Note. — But  n  should  not  be  omitted  before  fj  wheie 
the'syllable  ing  does  not  distinctly  occur  : 

bring  brng  fling  flng 

sting  stng  spring  sprng 


45 

Nor  in  words  like  the  following  : 
song  sng  among  amng 

long  Ing  young  vng 

sti'ong  strng 

4. — Omit  t  from  st  in  icords  like  the  following : 
best  bs  east  es 

must  ms  west  ws 

just  js  postpone         pspn 

against  agns  almost  alms 

5. — Write  sf  for  the  syllable  self. 

herself  hrsf  myself  niysf 

himself  hmsf  yourself  yrsf 

itself  itsf 

6*. — Write  sz  for  selves  in  compound  words. 

ourselves         ousz  themselves      thmsz 

yourselves       yrsz 

7. — Write  thg  for  thing  in  compound  words. 

anything  nythg  nothing  nthg 

everything      evthg  something      smthg 


NUMBERS. 
Numbers  are  written  by  using  letters  to  represent  the 
figures  1,  2,  3,  etc..  as  follows : 


I  '       •  i 


•  I 


1234    5    67890 


46 


Both  before  and  after  writing  a  number  all  the  keys 
should  be  depressed  with  one  hand  or  the  other,  thus  : 


I  1 

I 


I 
I 
I 
I 
I  I 


I  I      I 
I  I  I  I 


I      I 


I       I  I 


135  1887  693 

In  most  cases  it  is  safe  to  represent  the  ordinals  with- 
out the  addition  of  st,  nd,  rd,  and  th — thus : 


!. 

1 

1 

I 

1 

1 1 

1 

1 

i! 

1' 

1. 

1 

1 

1 

24th  13rh  67  th 

Everything  should  be  written  carefully,  but  especial 
pains  should  be  taken  with  numbers. 

INITIALS. 
In  writing  initials,  the  comma  should  be  placed  im- 
mediately after  each  letter,  after  which  a  space  should 
be  made. 


I    I  .1 
'I  'I  ' 

I        I        I 


t  I     I 


&    A.      R.     R.    Co. 


D. 


1881. 


CHAPTER  VII 


PHRASiNG— PUNCTUATION,    PARAGRAPHNG,    ETC, 
—CORRECTIONS  AND  INSERTIONS. 


PHRASING. 


Phrasing  consists  in  writing  certain  words  without 
making  spaces  between  them,  thus :  tb,  to  be  ;  mb, 
may  be. 

Experience  sliows  that  those  who  use  phrasing  very 
little  or  not  at  all  attain  as  great  a  speed  and  write  with 
more  freedom  than  those  who  use  it  much.  For  this 
reason,  students  are  recommended  to  employ  only  the 
following  phrases  : 

of  the  vth  and  the        ndth 

in  the  nth  to  be  tb 

to  the  tth  niay  be         mb 

PUNCTUATION,   PARAGRAPHING,   ETC. 

Punctuation  is  an  important  matter.  Two  or  more 
meanings  can  frequently  be  given  to  the  same  sentence 
by  varying  or  omitting  the  points.  All  important  pauses 
should  be  noted,  but  it  is  not  necessary  that  a  distinction 
should  be  made  between  commas,  semicolons,  etc. ,  in 
all  cases.     It  is  generally  sufficient  to  use  the  period  to 

indicate  the  full  pauses,  and  a  line  of  marks  | 1 

to  indicate  the  minor  pauses. 


48 

To  indicate  that  another  paragraph  should  be  com- 
menced, write  the  word  "paragraph"  (prgi-f).  Other 
directions,  such  as  "  skip  one  line,''  "  leave  space  for  one 
word,"  may  be  indicated  by  writing  those  words. 

The  student  should  in  his  practice  use  all  the  punctu- 
ation marks  until  he  becomes  familiar  with  them,  as 
some  persons  dictate  not  only  the  words  they  wish  to 
have  written,  but  also  tlie  punctuation  marks,  para- 
graphs, spacing,  etc..  and  the  operator  should  be  able  to 
note  them  without  hesitation. 


CORRECTIONS    AND    INSERTIONS. 

When  a  word  has  been  im])roperly  written,  it  is  gener- 
ally sufficient  to  strike  the  space-key  once  and  write  it 
over  again.  It  is  sometimes  better,  however,  to  indicate, 
by  striking  the  whole  five  keys  tA^ace,  juilZZZl »  ^^^^  ^ 
mistake  has  been  made,  and  then  write  the  word  or  words 
correctly.  If  several  words  or  a  sentence  have  to  be  re- 
wT^tten,  the  five  keys  should  be  depressed  several  times, 

thus:   ZZZZZ-    In  all  cases  a  space  should  be  made  by 

striking  the  space-key  once  after  the  striking  of  the  five 
keys  before  commencing  the  next  word. 

When,  in  dictating  a  letter  or  other  matter,  the  person 
dictating  wishes  to  change  the  form  of  expression,  the 
same  method  is  followed.  For  instance,  if  he  should  say 
"  We  are  inclined  to  doubt — take  that  out — we  are  sur- 
prised to  learn,*' etc.,  the  operator  should  stop  writing 
when  he  says  "take  that  out,'' strike  the  whole  five  keys 
several  times,  and  write  the  sentence  or  expression  over 
as  finally  dictated  :  or  he  may,  if  there  is  time,  draw  a 
single  line  with  a  pencil  from  the  beginning  to  the  end 
of  the  part  to  be  stricken  out. 


49 

In  case  an  insertion  has  to  be  made  some  distance  back, 
the  operator  may  write  "Insert  after"  (repeating  the 
preceding  words),  and  then  write  the  words  to  be  in- 
serted. He  may  also,  if  he  can  readily  find  the  place, 
make  a  mark  with  pencil  at  the  point  where  the  inser- 
tion is  to  be  placed. 

The  operator  should  always  have  a  pencil  in  good 
order  at  hand,  so  that  he  can  use  it  whenever  needed 
without  loss  of  time. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 


HOW  TO  PRACTICE. 


Learning  to  write  well  and  accurately  on  the  Steno- 
graph is  accomplished  chiefly  by  practice.  This  must, 
however,  be  done  properly.  The  spelling  must  be  such 
as  to  render  correct  reading  possible  and  easy.  The 
letters  must  be  accurately  formed,  and  the  hands  must 
be  used  properly.  There  may  be  such  practice  as  will 
be  detrimental  rather  than  helpfid  to  the  student. 

The  student  should  frequently  refer  to  the  rules,  direc- 
tions for  using  tlie  hands,  etc.,  and  be  sure  that  he  is 
following  them  all  in  his  practice.  He  should  be  espe- 
cially careful  to  use  the  hands  alternately. 

Regularity  of  practice  is  very  important.  No  matter 
how  bright  or  quick  a  student  may  be,  if  his  practice  is 
only  occasional  his  progress  will  be  slow.  Some  definite, 
regular  time  should  be  set  apart  for  daily  practice,  if 
possible. 

Nothing  is  more  important  to  the  student  than  the  for- 
mation of  the  habit  of  accuracy.  A  letter  should  never 
be  made  until  the  combination  representing  it  is  clearly 
in  the  mind.  Greater  speed  will  be  attained  by  writing 
deliberately  enough  to  be  accurate  than  by  hurrying 
along,  continually  making  mistakes  and  losing  time 
correcting  them.     If  constant  care  be  exercised  in  this 


51 

respect,  the  student  will,  in  a  short  time,  be  surprised  to 
find  how  easy  it  is  to  wi-ite  accurately.  Notes  thus  taken 
will  be  read  with  more  ease  and  certainty,  and  copied  in 
less  time  and  with  less  fatigue. 

Do  not  forget  to  accustom  yourself  to  write  without 
looking  at  the  instrument. 

The  best  practice  is  from  the  reading  of  others.  Two 
or  more  persons  who  write  about  the  same  speed  can 
practice  together  to  good  advantage,  either  by  reading  to 
one  another  or  by  employing  a  reader.  Interest  in  the 
study  will  be  more  easily  kept  up  in  this  manner,  and 
each  will  have  the  benefit  of  the  judg-ment  of  the  other 
in  regard  to  the  proper  spelling  of  difficult  words. 

To  read  well  is  fully  as  important  as  to  write  well. 
Therefore  everything  written  should  be  read.  This  prac- 
tice, in  addition  to  increasing  facility  in  reading,  will 
lead  to  the  discovery  and  correction  of  mistakes  made  in 
writing.  It  is  well  also  to  read  all  the  matter  printed  in 
Stenograph  type  that  can  be  conveniently  obtained.  Tliis 
latter  practice  will  aid  greatly  in  learning  to  spell 
correctly. 

Much  time  should  also  be  spent  in  transcribing  notes, 
which  it  is  essential  to  be  able  to  do  quickly  and  accu- 
rately. 

To  do  actual  work  well,  a  stenographer  must  compre- 
liend  what  he  writes.  This  will  be  more  easily  done  if 
the  student  forms  the  habit  of  paying  attention  to  the 
sense  of  what  he  writes  while  practicing. 

At  first,  practice  should  be  from  pleasant  and  easily 
wTitten  matter.  After  some  speed  is  attained,  the  daily 
papers  afford  good  matter  for  practice. 


CHAPTER  IX. 


THE   AMANUENSIS,    HIS   QUALIFICATIONS  AND 
DUTIES— THE  VERBATIM  REPORTER. 


The  first  requisite  of  a  good  amanuensis  is  to  be  able  to 
write  in  a  legible  manner  at  a  speed  of  at  least  100  words 
per  minute,  and  to  accurately  and  neatly  transcribe  the 
same. 

Ability  to  write  a  good  hand,  or  to  operate  a  type- writing 
machine,  is  a  necessity.  Probably  the  great  majority  of 
those  who  employ  stenographic  clerks  require  them  to 
use  type-writing  machines  in  the  transcription  of  their 
notes.  To  do  work  neatly  on  these  machines,  the  oper- 
ator must  be  dehberate.  The  remai'ks  on  page  50,  in 
regard  to  care  and  accmacy  in  the  use  of  the  Stenograph, 
apply  with  equal  force  to  type-\%Titing  machines. 

Correct  spelling  and  capitalization  are  imperative  in 
the  work  of  the  amanuensis.  A  dictionaiy  should  be 
kept  near  at  hand,  and  consulted  when  any  tloubt  is  felt 
as  to  the  correct  spelling  of  a  word. 

If  an  operator  cannot  punctuate  fairly,  he  should  at 
once  seek  to  become  able  to  do  so.  This  can  be  learned 
from  books  intended  for  the  purpose,  and  by  noticing  the 
use  of  the  various  points  in  accurately  written  letters  and 
other  matter.  Beai-ing  the  reason  of  the  points  and  the 
sense  of  the   matter  in   mind  will  greatly  assist   him. 


53 

Beginners  are  cautioned  against  using  too  many  punctua- 
tion marks,  which  is  a  greater  fault  than  using  too  few. 

Letters  and  other  documents  must  be  written  in  proper 
form.  Every  amanuensis  must  be  able  to  do  this.  If  the 
employer  prefers  any  particular  form,  that  form  should 
be  followed. 

Paragraphing,  should  be  properly  done.  With  every 
change  in  the  topic  a  new  paragraph  should  be  com- 
menced.* 

Not  enough  stress  is  placed  by  beginners  generally 
upon  neatness  in  doing  their  work.  Too  much  care  can 
not  be  bestowed  upon  this  point. 

Facility  in  getting  out  work  is  important.  This  is 
acquired  by  experience.  A  beginner  should  not  expect 
to  be  able  to  do  as  much  work,  nor  receive  as  much  com- 
pensation, as  an  experienced  amanuensis,  but  he  should 
do  his  best  to  equal  him  in  accuracy  and  neatness. 

The  person  dictating,  being  frequently  more  occupied 
with  the  thoughts  he  is  expressing  than  with  the  words 
he  is  using,  is  apt  to  make  mistakes  occasionally.  Hence 
the  amanuensis  should  be  able  to  correct  at  least  the 
more  common  errors  in  the  use  of  language. 

It  is  difficult,  if  not  impossible,  for  one  to  take  notes 
and  copy  them  accurately,  if  he  does  not  comprehend  the 
meaning  of  what  he  writes.  As  each  business  has  a 
vocabulary  peculiar  to  itself,  when  about  to  take  a  posi- 
tion it  is  well  for  the  amanuensis  to  obtain  the  circulars, 
catalogues,  etc.,  used  by  his  contemplated  employer,  and 
familiarize  himself  with  the  terms  used  and  the  names  of 
the  goods  handled. 

To  be  able  to  refer  readily  to  preceding  parts  of  matter 


*  Spelling,  capitalization,  punctuation,  paragraphing,  and  kindred 
matters  of  importance  to  all  who  have  much  writing  to  do,  are  fully 
treated  of  in  riow  to  Write  Letters,  by  Westlake. 


54 

dictated  is  very  desirable,  as  it  is  quite  annoying  to  a 
busy  man  to  be  compelled  to  wait  while  his  stenographer 
hunts  for  some  preceding  word  or  sentence.  Keeping 
the  mind  on  the  work  in  hand  will  be  of  great  assistance 
in  this  respect.  If  the  dictator  stops  before  finishing  a 
letter  or  other  document,  keep  in  mind  the  last  sentence, 
or  part  of  sentence,  dictated,  so  that  you  can  immediately 
inform  him  if  he  asks,  What  did  I  say? 

Care  and  close  attention  should  be  given  to  tlie  work 
at  which  one  is  engaged.  If  a  person  is  half  way  think- 
ing of  something  else  while  taking  notes,  the  matter 
dictated  will  not  fix  itself  as  firmly  upon  his  mind  as  if 
lie  pays  good  attention,  and  the  memory  will  not  render 
him  the  same  assistance  in  copjing  his  notes,  in  case  he 
takes  them  improperly. 

This  subject  will  be  closed  with  the  following  extracts 
from  a  paper,  read  by  Ivan  W.  Goodner,  before  the  Inter- 
national Association  of  Shorthand  Writers  at  Toronto, 
Canada,  August,  I8S3  : 

"It  is  the  amanuensis'  duty  to  take  down  in  legible 
shorthand  writing  every  word  uttered  by  the  dictator. 
If,  on  account  of  bad  construction  of  sentences,  changes 
become  necessary,  they  should  be  made  in  the  transcript, 
not  m  the  notes.  It  is  alsv^  his  duty  to  transcribe  his 
notes  with  dispatch,  and  in  the  neatest  possible  manner. 

"  The  amanuensis  occupies  a  position  of  trust  and  re- 
si)onsibility ,  and  no  professional  or  business  man  will  wish 
to  employ  as  amanuensis  a  person  in  whom  he  can  not  re- 
pose perfect  confidence.  To  this  end  the  successful  siiort- 
hand  clerk  must  possess,  first,  a  good  moral  character ; 
second,  the  ability  to  guard  as  a  most  sacred  trust  all 
knowledge  he  may  acquire  of  his  employer's  affairs. 
Without  these  qualifications  he  will  fail  of  success,  even 
though  capable  of  writing  in  shorthand  the  requisite 


55 

number  of  words  per  minute,  and  rapidly  and  accurately- 
transcribing  the  same. 

"The  amanuensis  should  be  willing  at  all  times  to 
make  his  employer's  interest  his  own.  It  frequently 
happens  that  a  very  much  larger  mail  is  received  on  one 
day  than  on  another,  and  at  such  times  it  is  the  amanu- 
ensis' duty  to  do  all  he  can  to  facilitate  the  speedy  dispatch 
of  rephes  thereto.  It  may  be  necessary  for  him  to  hammer 
away  on  his  type-wi-iter  far  into  the  night,  but  if  he 
receives  extra  compensation  for  night  work — and  he 
usually  does — he  ought  not  to  grimible. 

"Many  firms  have  branch  houses  or  agents,  with 
whom  they  correspond  almost  every  day,  and  inasmuch 
as  it  becomes  very  monotonous  to  repeat  the  full  address, 
name  of  firm,  street  and  number,  city  and  State,  every 
time  a  letter  is  dictated,  the  wise  amanuensis  will  prepare 
and  keep  close  at  hand  a  little  book  containing  full 
addresses  of  all  regular  correspondents.  Another  book 
which  should  be  found  on  the  desk  of  every  amanuensis 
throughout  the  land  is  the  United  States  Postal  Guide. 

"In  concluding  this  portion  of  my  paper,  I  would 
counsel  the  amanuensis  to  stick  to  his  place,  if  he  has 
a  good  one ;  for  I  believe  that  he  will  thereby  not 
only  secure  the  largest  salary,  but,  as  a  greater  familiarity 
with  the  peculiar  class  of  words  used  will  render  his  work 
less  difficult,  he  will  enjoy  an  easy  as  well  as  lucrative 
situation.'' 


THE    VERBATIM     REPORTER. 

The  work  of  the  verbatim  reporter  is  much  more 
difficult  than  that  of  the  amanuensis.  He  must,  therefore, 
possess  not  only  the  qualifications  essential  to  the  good 
amanuensis,  but  such  additional  ones  as  will  enable  him 


56 

satisfactorily  to  perform  the  more  difficult  duties  of  his 
calling. 

He  should  be  able  to  write  at  least  150  words  per 
minute  of  average  matter,  and  to  "hang  on"  even 
though  the  speaker  gets  ten  to  twenty  words  ahead  of 
him. 

Good  natural  abilities,  a  fair  education,  and  a  large 
stock  of  general  information,  are  indispensable  to  the 
reporter.  The  necessity  of  these  will  be  appreciated 
when  it  is  imderstood  (1)  that  it  is  impossible  to  make  a 
good  report  of  anything  the  meaning  of  which  the 
reporter  does  not  comprehend,  and  (2)  that  the  work  of 
the  general  stenographer  covers  an  almost  limitless 
variety  of  topics. 


(iJT/'/l/Ju/J^y  .z^U    ^/// 


II  II  1 

I  •  •••  'I'  •  '.,  I 

i  M  I        I                   III 

I                I  I  I        I           I     I 


I         I        '.''     I.      I     '     .1 
III  I      I  I       I  I 

I I 


I  I      I  I     I  I  I  II           I                                   II 

I        I  I      I  I  I  I  II           III                  .                     I 

I  I  I      I      I  I                    I        I     II  I      t         I                        I 

III  III  I  I  I     I        I  I                           I  I  I  I  I 

I  I  I     1      I      I  I  I  I     I                          III               III 


{  ...  •  '. 
'     "  I 


i  I 


I  I 


111  I     I        I  I 

I  I      I  I        I  I        II           I 

II  I        I  I       I     I  I        I 
III  II                        I 

I  I      I  I  II                 III 


i 

1 

II'  l' 

,  '1 

1      1 

1 
1 

1 

1 
1  1 

1       1  \ 

'■  I'l' 

1 1      1 

li . 

1  1 

l'  ' 

I'l' 

1  1  1 

1  1    1 

I      1 1 
I 


I 


I    I  I 
I    I 

'I. 


Ill        II       II 
II.      II      i 


1 1 


nrr 

ii 


I  I 


I  i    I    I 
I  I  I  III  III 


I  I  I 


I    I 
I     I 


I  I  1 1 .    I     III 
1 1  1 1     I    II 
I    II    I   II     II 


1 1 


I  I     I 
11,1       I 

I'    I     '    

1 1  I  i     I  III 1 1  I 


I    i 


II      III 
I      II      II 

I  •  '  '  •  I 

III  Ml 


Jcr 


1 1  I 
III  II 


'    '   .  ' 
'I! 


1    1    1 

1        Mil 

1  1 

1              1 
1           1  1 

iill 

I    I 


I  I 

I I 


I    I 


•  .  1 
1  1 

.1     .     . 

1'      1'   1  ■ 
.    1'   1   . 

III! 

M,i.| 

1      1 
1         1            1 

II   i      , 

1  1     1 
1     1 

1        ' 
1 

1 

I'i... 

I  1 
1           1           1           1 

II  III 

1   1 

1   1          1 

1            K      * 
1      III-      1 

1     i 

1                  • 

.    i' 
•!  1' 

1 

1 
1 

'    il' 

II  1                     1      1            1      1              II 

III  1            1      1         1         1     1  1 
1           1         1      1  1            1                           1      1         1      1                  i 

1        1 

..  ' 

1           1                 III            1      II      1      1         1                  1 
Mill           1         1         1         1  1  M      1                                1 

II      M 
I      I      I 


I  I  I 

I',  'I 

I  I      I 

I         I  I 


I      I 

I 


I  I 
I  I 
I      I 


I     I 


I  I 

I  I 

I  I  I 

I  I  I 


I      I 
I      I 


I  III 

I  III  II 

I  I  I 

I  I  I      I  II  I 


MM 
I  I   I 

I 
I   I 


I 
I 
I      I  I 

I 
I  I 


I  I 

I  I  III 

II  I        I    I    I    I 

'  ■  I 

I  I    \ 


I    I 
II      II 

.!  I 

I     I        I  I 


'!  I" 


I 
I 
I 

I      I 
I      I 


I      I 


'.III 
.III         I         I 


■      '   •■      '    !.       .      '"    In    I    ,        "I     I!    "I      > 

I  II  I 


i       I 


I       I  I 

I  I 
I                   III 
I   I 


■  III  r 

I      I      III  II 

i   I       ,   M   M     .1  .'  II 

II  118      I        I        I 


1 '" 

II    1 1 

1     1 

1 1 

II    II 


II    II 

'I  '. 


I  I 

I  I 

I  I    I 
I         1 1 

I  I    1 1 


I 
I    I 


I  i 
I    I 


I I 


,  .  '.  i        I 
'  j  1    '..'  I  II  ,"  . 

LJ I         I      I       I         III 


II         II 

...'      ',    '  ','1  . 
'■      '.  '     I 


'III  I  I        I  I     I 

I  M         I      i  I  i  I  I 

{         I         '  j       '  III  III 

J '  I  I  I  I       '  I  III         I       '  I  I      ' 


I      I 

I 


i 

'  ,  '. 

1 
1 

1               II               M 
1     il      1            1 

1 

■  i.'  .!  ',  " 

''\:: 

1            1                     '            ' 
III         11                  1 
1         1     1         1 

!  I    I 
i      1 1 


...     j'  i  ii  I  .   I   i' 


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 


•  .  .    .1     •  • 
'  !,  r  I  .  .  M      ••    I' 
.  I.  '  I  '.  .  I  ■  '.  '  '  ■ 


I      I  I 

I  I 
I        I 

I  I 


60 


.11.. 

i        >      1    1 

lil  '. 

1  .  .1 

1 

\i 

•i' 

:i 

.     1 

1        III 
1    1         1 

1 1      1 

.  T  '! 

1 

1  ! 

!     .     I  i. 


I         I 
III         I 

.     .      '  .'   II     .     .      I. 

I  I  I  I         I         I      I         t      I         I 


II  II 
Ml            I         I      ! 
I                            i  i 
I          I          II              II 
I       I       I 


II  II 

I  I  I  I  I       I  I 

11  I  I  I      M  I 

I  1      I         I  II         I 

III  II 


1 
III    II 

,                  , 

.•   '  I  '  "  1 

1 1    1 1        II 

'1    !• 

1  'ii  1  ;i. 

II      III 
1      1    1    1    1 1 

II        1  1 
1        1 

I    I 

I 
I 


I    I      I 
I 
1 1 
I  I      I 

MM        I 


'i  I     I 


I         I 
II         II 
II         M  II        i 


I     I 


I  I 
I  I 


I  I 


I  I  I 

I  . 


I  I 
.  I     I 


i:: 


II                     M             1               1         1      1  1                             Ml 

1"        ill   .  ,"l.l'  I     II   ,'   1'     'II 
1.'     '.   ,,     '     1  1  ..  1     ...     '     '     ... 

1            1 

i.  ' 

1      1  • 

I 

I 
I    I 
I 
L 


,  M 

Mill 


I      I 
I      I 


I      I  I 
I      I 

'  .1, 


I 
I      I 


I         Mil 
I  11 


I  I 

I  III 
I  I      Ml 

I  ill         II 


I     I 


I  I 


.  ,1  '           il,'            1        ,',',',,! 

11               1      1      1  1                  Ml               1                  M      1         1      M  1 
1                  III!                    Ill               III                              1 
1                        II                    1      M         1                  III               II 

I     I 

MM 
I        I        i 
I        I  I 
I        I 


I 
i      I 

I      I  I 
I      I      I 


I      I      I 
I      I  i 


I      I 

i  I  I 

I 


I         I 
I      i  I 
I 
Ml      I 
I      I  I 


I  I 


I      I 
I 

I 


Ml      I 

I 
I      I      I 


I 

I  III 

I      I  I 

II  i   I 
I   i 


n 


I 
1 1 1 


1 

i,. 

1 

,1. 

1 

1  1 
1    1 

,     1           •     ' 

1                     1 

1    '.    .     '. 

,      "     1     '      , 

1          1      1 

1  1 

II                 II                         1                 1     1        1        1           1           1 
1     1        1        1        1     1                                                           1                       II 
1                  1  1      1         1            II               III!                      11 

1 

1      1      t      1               1               II            III                  1         1  II                   i 

6? 


1    1    1  1               1                 1                            1       1     1         1           1 

I  1    1    1             t           1    1  1    1           1       III       1  1    1     1      1 

II  1    1      II      1    1        1     1     1  1       1      1     1    1 

Mil                     1                 1  t          1   1      1       1                                           1                     1 
1                III             1                       1                1      1          1       M          1                    II 

1  1  M      1 
1                1 

1 

'   '      1!     " 

■';,  'i  I'i'  ',  • 

1          1             1 

i         III 

1  1  1 11    1         II       1 

I 
I  I 

I 

I     I  I 

I    I 


I    I 
1 1 1 


I 

I 
I    I 

I 

I 


ll< 


I 
1 1 1 
I  I 


I 
1 1 1 


I 
.  I    I 

I    I 
I    I 
I      I 


I  I 
I  I 
I  I  I 
I    I 


i    I 

.  I 


I  I 
1 1 1 
i  I  I 


I 
i    I 


III! 
I      III 


I 

I         I 
I      I 


I  I 

I  I 

I 

I 
I  I 


I 

I         I 

I      I 


I 

I 
I  I 
I      I 

I 


I      I 

I 

I 

I  I 
I  I 


I  I 

.1' 
I      I 


II 


I 
I      I 

.'I 


I        I 
I     I  I 
I        I 
I     I      I 
I     I 


I 
I  I    I 
I    I 


63 


M  III  Ml 
I        I                          II  III 


II      III 
I  I      I 
I         I 


II                     Mil                  1 
'1               l'               •         1         1            ' 

.!    '  1       '      III!  1  ' 

1    .11       il  1  1  '     I    '  1 

.         •"    1    m'        '    .'     •    I    " 

III               M              1         1      1         1      1 

1 
I 

III                  1 
II         1        III         Ml 
I         III            1      I      I     I  • 

III                          1 

i'     '     '   '     1   i!'     1 

■'l 

.1  '    "      ,  ■  ,     , 

'  .  .'  '  '  >  ' 

1  1   1 
1   1 

1 

1               1 

,.     ' 

1     » 

,1     i'  i' 
.1  ,'  !•  1 

'  1'  '! 

1         1 

1 
1        1 

1 
i         1 

1 

f         I         I         I  I     I  I  III 

I         II  I     I       I      I     I     I  I    1 1  I  II 

III  II         i  I         I  I    I     1 1         I 

ill  M    I    i    I    I        II  t  I 

III  II  II  I  I  I 


M  I.  I 
I     I        I 

Mill 
I      I 


II         M 

'I    'I.    'I 


I           I  i 

I  I         I 

I  I      I 

I  I  I 

I  I      I 


I  I 
I  I  I 


I.  I 

I 


I 


I 
1 1     I 

I! 


I  I 

I 
i  i 

I 
I 


''!!', 


1 1 

I 
I    I 


I    I 


I 
I  I 
I  1 1 
I       I 


!,i 

I    I 


'    .  •      .    I 
III         I 

I     I 

I  I    II    I 


I 

I      I      M  I 
I         I 


I  I  I 

m'   !  !  iI  m 
I  I  1 1  I  I     I      I 


1 1 


,i! 


I         I 


'        '.         I        II'       ' 


I  I 
I  I 
I 

I 


64 


II  II         I 

I  Mill 

II  II 

III  I 

I  III  I 


I  i     I 

II  III 
III       I 


I  III 

II  I    I    I    I    I  I    I 
II        I  I  I    I      I 

I    I  I    I  I      I    I    II    I 

I  I I 


I 
III  I 

I  I  II       I 


I    I    I 
I 

'I  ' 


!   '!   I'   'I 

I         I         I 


I 
III         I 

I  I  I 
I  I 


I  ( 


I  I 

I  I 

I        III 
III        I  II 

I  I  I        I      I 


I    I 

I 


III  II  I 

I  I         I  I     I  I  II 

I  ill  I  III 

III  I  III  I         I         I         II         II 

I  I  I      I      I  I  I         I         I  I  I  I 


1      1      1      1           1             II        1       1       1    1 
1     1     1  t       1     1       1            1               1       1       1        1  1     1 
III            1               II             1        1      1     1             II 
II             1      1      1    1    1               1 1      1 1           II 
1               1      1      1 1 1      1       II           II 

1   .! 

1         1 
1      1 

III        I 

I    I  I 

I      I 
I        I  I  I    I 
I       I 


I 

'l  ll 

I 


I      I 

I 
1 1     I 

I 


.    !i  ..•!'."     1     1   II          •! 

Ill           1      1     1 1 1   1     1 

1 1  1 1  1         1          II           1 1 1  1    1 

Mil             II     1        1                  1      1  1      1         1                 1 

'1              M            1 

',11'! 

Mil               II 

II' 


I    I  I    I    I     II 


I        1 1 

I  I 

I         I     I 
I    I  i 

II  III 


6 

■:> 

i'V 

.  II  • 

II  II 

1 1 1 

ii' 

1     M      1 

1        1 

III  I        I  I  I     I                 Ml 

II         II  11              III         II 

I         I  I        I      I              I 

II  II                 II 

II  II 


ill  I 

'I    I'  I  '! 
.11 


I 
I 

I!  'I 


1 1 
1 

1 

1 

1 

r  ' 

1 1 

1 1 

1 

1            1          II 
1    1 1 
1        1      1 
III        1    i        1 
III            1        1 

1                III 

1    II    II    II 
1    1      1 

I.  Il 

I     I 
I      I  I 


I  I 

I I 


I      I 

I    I 
I  I    I 

I 
I    I 


I 

I      I 

1 1 1 


I    I 


1 1 
1 1 

I 


1 1    I 
I    I 


i  I  i 

I    i'    . 
I    I      I 


1 1 

I 
I  1 1 


I      I    I 
III      I 
I        I 
I  I 


^^- 

1 
1 1 

1 
1 

1     1   1 

li 

'  'i 

1 

1       1 

.;  1 
1 

1 
1 1  1 

■M''' 

"1: 

1 

1 
1 1 

1  i 

1  1 
1 1     1 

1 
1      1 

1 
1    i 

1 

III    1 
1   1 

1 .' 

1      1 
1 

1            '         M 

i                 II                 1 
1     1 
1           1 

j.M 

1     1           1 

M      I  I  I 

I      I      ' 
I         III 


I  I 

Mill 

"     I'l 


I      I  I 


II      II 

I  III 

I 

I 
I  I      I 


I      . 

I 


I         I 
I  III 

I  I  I 


I  ill 
ill  I  I        I 

II  II 
ill  II 

I     I  I      I  I      I        11 


I  I 


I           I  I      I  II 

I         I     I     I      I           I                 I  I      I      I      f      I      I 

Mil  III  M                          I 

Ml             ill                      I  I      II  I 

I        I I  I III  II I 


f  I     I 

II  II 


I  I     I 
I 
I     I     I  I 


I  I 
I  I 
I 


I     I 
I 


I  I 

I     I 

I 

I 
I  I 


I  I  I 
I  I 

l' 

I 


I  I 

'.  i    ' 

I  I 


1       1    1 

1 

M 

1      1 1 

1  1        1 

'■]■■ 

1      1 

1    1  1 

1 

1 1 
1 

:,i 

l; 

I  I' 

I    1 1 

i 


1 1 


I    I 
I 

I 
1 1 


1 1 


I  I 


1 1    I 
I    I 
I    I 
I      I 


'."  I 

I      I      I 
I 


1 1 

I  I 

I I 


I  I 
I    I 


I     M  I 
I  I 

I 
I     I 


6F 

'1 

» 

1 
1 

1 

,1  1  ', 

,1  '1  , 

1     1 1 

Mil         II             1 

,,'  i,    1,  .; 

1 
1 

1   * 

1  1 
1 
1  1 
1        1 

1 
1      1    1 
1    1  1    1    1 

1 

II             II 

II            1    i 

i      1  1  1      1  1  1  1      1        II 

I    I 
I  I 


1 1 


I    I 
I    1 1 

'.' 

I 


I    I  I 

I  I  I 

II  II 

I 


1 1 
I  I 
I 


!i 

In    1,     , 

II    .         'II,' 

'i       .    i    ■ 

1 
1 

11    ..      1,     1 

1             1             1        1        i    1                 II 
1         i             II             1    1        1        1         1         1 
III             1                 1 

'    ul 

1         1       1       1   1 

1 
1, 

'    ',    ,                '1 

II            li            1 

1           1 
1                        1 
1 

1                III                 1 

1    '          '    "        , 

1 

II            III 
1                        III 

1   1 
1                1   1 

'    ",    '      ,"     ,1 

.  ,i    '"1      i'   '•  .!  1  '',!'  ,/i  '  !  -i  II 

II           III                        1              1         1  1     1     1              1           1 
1        1        1  1     1           1         1         1  1                                1                 1              1             1 

1           1           1           1                       1           il      1 

'.'.!.     1     I'    .     !       '      .      .    i    ' 

1 
II                III 

'     1      ',     '1  1'  .''",.!.   ' 

1'  '.  ;.  : 

I 
1 1 
I  i 
I 

I    I 


I 
1 1 1 


I 

1 1 
i  I 

I  I 
I  I 


I    I 
I  I 


I    I 
I  I 

I 


Ocy 

1   1  1  1  1 1  1 1  1  1 1   1    II 

'  .    ,1  1    1.  1  .   '  i 
III       1           II 

1' 

1    1 

» 
1  1 

1 1 

\  1 
1 

'1 ' 

1 1 1 

.  I 


I  I  i 

I    I  I 

I  I 

I  I  I 


1 1     I 

I 


,,   1.  , 

1         1               1 

1                     II         1      1  1  1 

II                        II 

III            II 

1      1  1  1         II               II 

III                        1                 II 
1  1         1         1               II                    1 

11           III             1  ! 
i     1                  1    1  1       1  1    1 
1  1       1    1       1                II 

1     III 
1     1    1 
.    1.    !' 

'1  '.     !  '.   , 

1                1 
II               II                1 
1                     III 

■     1,1      ,1    .'  I  1 

.  '  1     '     , 
1 1  1  1  II 1  1    1 

.          I          1   '     '!   1!   1   1  .          ii   '.    '     !  .1 
1        1          1             1   1   1 1 1     1       1          III 
1        III          II          1       1         II        III 
1    1   1  1      1       II        1             i    1    1 1 1 1        1 

II    III 
I  I    I 
I      I      II 


I    I 
I     I 
I    I 
1 1 1 1 


I     I 

I    I 

I  I 

I 


I    I 

I  I 

I 


I     III 

I     I 

I     I      I 


I  III 

II  III 

I        I 

II       I         III 

I         I    I    I    I 


Ml      I 
I  I  I 

I         I  I 


I  I  I 
II  III 
II  II 

I      I  I 


I      I 

I 
1  I 


6<^ 

III                1 

"   .      i  , 

'■  'i  '    '  '  '  ,  '     ',  '    '     Ml 

II  M 

I  1" 

II  II 

III  ill 

I    I 
I  i  I 


I  I  I  I 


I    I  i 


I 

I  I    I 

I I  I 
I  I 


I 
I      I 

I 


I  'l 

I 


I 
I    1 1 

1 1 

I       I 

I 


1 1 
1 1 


1 1 1 

I  I 
1 1 1 

I      1 1 


1      1 

1      1 
1      1 

'l  '  1. 

1      1       1 

1 

II      1 

1             1  1 

't€   c^ 


^f. 


vv^///^/ 


I 
I     I 

I  I 
I  I 

I 


I 

!   ' 

I 

I  i  I 


111        1          1 

1     •!      1  II       !'   1.     1' 

Ill    1    1    1 

"11 

I 

I 

1 1 1 

I    I 


I        I 
1 1 
I    I 

I 
I      I 


I    I 


MM 


III 


I 

I        I 
I      I  I 

Mill 


I 

I  I 
I      I 

I      < 
I         I 


I  I 
II         II 
I         I  I  I  I 


I 
I  I  I 
I      I 


I  i      I 

I  I  I  I 

I      I 

i 

I  I      . 


i      I       I  I 
I    I      I       I 
I        I  J 


I  I    I 

I    I  I    I 

I  I 

I  I 

I  i 


7/ 

1 1 

1    '  ,1 

1  1  1    1      1 

1 1 
i    1      i 

III      II 

'  !  I'll" 

!  i'     . 

1   1  1   1 1 

1     'l.i  'ii.''  I 
1   1   1 1     1        1 

I  1 

II  .   i 
1      1 

Ml         1 

1      1  1      1                  1 

Ill                    11 

,    I'm!      1    'i 
"          1 

1               II                M 

1 

'!     II 

I 


I 
I  1 1 

.'I 

I 


M  . 

I 
I 

I 


1 1 1 
1 1 1 
I 


I      I 
1 1 1 
i      I 


I  I  I 

Mil  I 

Ml  i      I 

I      I  I    t 


I    I 
I  I  I 


I  I 
I 
t  i 
I 


I    r 

I 


.    II '  . 

1          III 

1,'i'' 

.  '  1     .11 

1  1    1    1        i 

II  ,  II'  1' 

1    1      1      1 

III            1 
III      1      1      1 

.  .1. 

,    1,11 

III        1 

Ml         1         1 

1 1 


1 1 


I    1 1 

III    II 

I     I 
I 
III    I 


1 1 
I  I 


(O.xeyadryy/?^ 


^}UY?9M/-€^ 


M 


1     IM 

1                                  1                 1          1           1 
1                 III 
1          1           1     1                i 

•u'i'li",,         ',, 

'1     1 

"         ,     i,      1     ,      i' 

1                     1      '         '            1      1.     ll     . 

Ill                       1     1     1                 1                                       1                      1 
■    1                       1                 1                       1                                        1 

I  1                 1           1           1     1 

II  1      1  1      M  1  1 
1                       Mill 

l'          I      III 

II                      II                       1           1     1     1                III 
III                      II                             11                     II     1     1 

M                           III 
1                       1      1  1      1          1 

1      1      1      1 
.1            MM 

Yf«,  r^T- 


7? 


1 1 

1 

' '. 

1 
1  1 

1 1 

1. 

i   !• 

1 

1 

1 

r 

1 

1 

1  1 1 

I 

1      1 

1 1 

1  1 

'1 

1 

'  1'..  1 

'i ' 

1  1 

'1  1 

1 

1 

1  II 

1  1 

1 

1 1 
1 

1  1       I 

•      1  1 

1 

1,'      1  ! 

J' 

1 

1 

I 

1  1  II 

.1      II 

1 

i  1      III 

1 

1      1 

1 1 

1 1  > 

.1       II 

i  1 

1 

1  1 II 

» 

1  »j  1 

1  1          1 

M 

Ml 

1 

.i.    'i     i    .1 
■  1  '  '  ''•  1 

1..  1 

Mill 

!     .1 

1  1. 

1         MM 

;-,f 

1    II    1    II 

Ml            II 
1      1      1  1         i  1 
Ml      1 

I        I      M  I         I  II  I 

III         I  I         III         I        III 

I        I         ill         I  III        M 

I         M      M  M  III  I         III 

I  i  11      I      I         i  I      M     I  I      i 


I      .         '  I 

II  III 

I      I  M 

I  I         I  M  I 
I         I      M      I 


1         1 

J.  j; 

III      i 
1    '1      1 

,  ',!  I 

11 

i  1  1'  !' 

l"'.! : 

.i'l. 

'  1  II 

III      1 

1    1        1      1              1 
n'    I    '    1    ,'                 1 

I  !'  11  1      11 

II  ill        1 

1  ill 

1 1            1 

1          M          1            II 

I         1         1 

1            1 

1          III                II 

II         1         1         M 

1 

I  1  1 

IMiii  '  .' 

1 '     1. 

1, 

1  1 

III     1 

1     1  '!  '1    . 

1 . ..  1 

1  1  1 

1 
1  1 

i        Mil 

1  1    1    1 

1          Mil 

1      1 

1 

I      I 
I  1 1 
I 

I      M      I 
I      I  I 


I  I  I 

I      III      I      I 

•11 I 


I  I  I  I 
Mill 
I  I 

•         •         I         I 


I                III  Ml                   I 

IMIII  II      I      I                   11      I         ■ 

i      M  I  I      II  III             ill 

I                II  I      I      I      I      I      I  i 

Mill  I      I  I          I         I 


'     I,     I   I' 
.    I'l   I   I 

I         LI      I 


I 
•I' 


I 
I 

I      I 
I  I 
I      I 


I      I  I 
I      I  I 

I 
I  I 


I  I  I 

I  I      i 

I  I 

I  I 


I  III  I  I  I 
I  II  III 

III  II  I 

III  III!  II 

II  I      I  M      I  I 


II 


THE- 


ej 


v9 


STENOGRAPH 


THE  ONLY  UNIFORM  SYSTEM  OF  SHORTHAND. 


PRICKS. 

STENOGRAPH,  with  Leather  Case  and  Manual,     $4-0.00 

MOROCCO  CASES,  lined  with  Plush,  extra,             -  3.00 

STENOGRAPH  MANUAL,  by  mail,     _           -           -          -  .25 

Cloth,    -           -           -           -  .40 

RIBBONS  (lasting  from  2  to  4-  months*,     _           -           -  .30 

ROLLS  OF  PAPER    Sl.OO  per  doz.)  each  (postage  4c.  per  roll),  .  1  O 

TERMS    CASH    IN    ADVANCE. 


The    Stenograph    is  practically  noiseless. 

It  is  portable,  being  carried  in  a  case  resembling 
that  used  to  contain  a  field-glass,  as  per  cut 

The  paper  roll   contains  as  much  as  the  largest 
shorthand  book. 

The  inked  ribbon  lasts  from  three  to  four  months 
m  ordinary  use. 

No  pencils  to  sharpen  or  leaves  to  turn. 


Size  of  Stenograph,  7Hx7H  inches. 
Weight,  including  Case,  2}4  Its. 


lllilWii©'! 

gibbons. 

BLACK,  PURPLE,  BLUE,  GREEN, 
CARMINE,    HEKTOGRAPH, 
LITHOGRAPH,  AND  OFFICIAL 
^       ^        INDELIBLE, 


-OR 


1>  T.  '        X 


BBS¥      *% 


v> 


In   any   Color, 
can   be  had  on 


9^         V"^  T^         application 

% 


^ 


1^ 


e S.J2 J 

Jl 


SEMI  Carbon  in  Black,  Purple,        <^ 
or  Blue,  warranted  not  to  smut.         ^^    WS^/ 
FULL  Carbon  (carbonized  on  both         v^^   (^^Q 
sides)    in    Black,  Purple,  or  Blue,  in         "^     V  "-  "' 


all  sizes. 


>    € 


FOR  PRICES  ADDRESS 


John  Underwood  &  Co. 

NEW  YORK,  TORONTO,  OE  CHICAGO. 


# 
@ 


40,24        ^ 

UNIVEKbiiY  ot  CAUi-UKr... 
AT 
LOS  ANGELES         -  ^  „   .. 
UBRARY  4  0  2  4 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 

i  \j  \^    i-"         Los  Angeles 
This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below. 


,;AY  6    1950 

AUG  1   9  1250 


OK. 


m 


Tj  uD-ORb 


U) 


REC'D  LD-URL 


'^l^ 


1970 


URi  "'ARlS  1971 


APR    J? 


1976 


\SA^^ 


Form  L9-25»i-9,'47(A5618)444 


^WO 


jt  mjLf.,  *#f  ^^?*"»L. 


B     000  022  538     3 


y> 


.^'^: 


1*1 


